Sabcd — правильная четырехугольная пирамида, в которой все рёбра равны a. точка k лежит на ребре sb так что sk:sb = 1:3. найдите угол между прямыми kd и sc.

Смирнов Алексей Владимирович

Учитель математики высшей категории

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Угол между прямыми KDcap K cap D и SCcap S cap C составляет arccos(110)arc cosine open paren the fraction with numerator 1 and denominator the square root of 10 end-root end-fraction close paren . ️ Шаг 1: Введение системы координат Пусть основание пирамиды ABCDcap A cap B cap C cap D лежит в плоскости Oxycap O x y, а центр квадрата ABCDcap A cap B cap C cap D находится в начале координат O(0,0,0)cap O open paren 0 comma 0 comma 0 close paren. Поскольку все рёбра пирамиды равны aa, диагональ квадрата основания равна a2a the square root of 2 end-root , а расстояние от центра до вершин основания — a22the fraction with numerator a the square root of 2 end-root and denominator 2 end-fraction . Высота пирамиды SOcap S cap O находится из прямоугольного треугольника SOBcap S cap O cap B: SO=SB2OB2=a2(a22)2=a22cap S cap O equals the square root of cap S cap B squared minus cap O cap B squared end-root equals the square root of a squared minus open paren the fraction with numerator a the square root of 2 end-root and denominator 2 end-fraction close paren squared end-root equals the fraction with numerator a the square root of 2 end-root and denominator 2 end-fraction Координаты вершин: S(0,0,a22)cap S open paren 0 comma 0 comma the fraction with numerator a the square root of 2 end-root and denominator 2 end-fraction close paren , B(0,a22,0)cap B open paren 0 comma the fraction with numerator a the square root of 2 end-root and denominator 2 end-fraction comma 0 close paren , C(a22,0,0)cap C open paren negative the fraction with numerator a the square root of 2 end-root and denominator 2 end-fraction comma 0 comma 0 close paren , D(0,a22,0)cap D open paren 0 comma negative the fraction with numerator a the square root of 2 end-root and denominator 2 end-fraction comma 0 close paren . ️ Шаг 2: Определение координат точки K и векторов Точка Kcap K лежит на ребре SBcap S cap B так, что SKSB=13cap S cap K colon cap S cap B equals 1 colon 3. Используя формулу деления отрезка в отношении λ=SKKB=12lambda equals the fraction with numerator cap S cap K and denominator cap K cap B end-fraction equals one-half : K=S+λB1+λ=S+0.5B1.5=23S+13Bcap K equals the fraction with numerator cap S plus lambda cap B and denominator 1 plus lambda end-fraction equals the fraction with numerator cap S plus 0.5 cap B and denominator 1.5 end-fraction equals two-thirds cap S plus one-third cap B K=(0,a26,a23)cap K equals open paren 0 comma the fraction with numerator a the square root of 2 end-root and denominator 6 end-fraction comma the fraction with numerator a the square root of 2 end-root and denominator 3 end-fraction close paren Найдём направляющие векторы прямых KDcap K cap D и SCcap S cap C: KD=DK=(00,a22a26,0a23)=(0,2a23,a23)modified cap K cap D with right arrow above equals cap D minus cap K equals open paren 0 minus 0 comma negative the fraction with numerator a the square root of 2 end-root and denominator 2 end-fraction minus the fraction with numerator a the square root of 2 end-root and denominator 6 end-fraction comma 0 minus the fraction with numerator a the square root of 2 end-root and denominator 3 end-fraction close paren equals open paren 0 comma negative the fraction with numerator 2 a the square root of 2 end-root and denominator 3 end-fraction comma negative the fraction with numerator a the square root of 2 end-root and denominator 3 end-fraction close paren SC=CS=(a22,0,a22)modified cap S cap C with right arrow above equals cap C minus cap S equals open paren negative the fraction with numerator a the square root of 2 end-root and denominator 2 end-fraction comma 0 comma negative the fraction with numerator a the square root of 2 end-root and denominator 2 end-fraction close paren ️ Шаг 3: Вычисление угла Угол αalpha между прямыми находится через скалярное произведение векторов: cosα=|KDSC||KD||SC|cosine alpha equals the fraction with numerator the absolute value of modified cap K cap D with right arrow above center dot modified cap S cap C with right arrow above end-absolute-value and denominator the absolute value of modified cap K cap D with right arrow above end-absolute-value center dot the absolute value of modified cap S cap C with right arrow above end-absolute-value end-fraction Скалярное произведение: KDSC=0(a22)+(2a23)0+(a23)(a22)=2a26=a23modified cap K cap D with right arrow above center dot modified cap S cap C with right arrow above equals 0 center dot open paren negative the fraction with numerator a the square root of 2 end-root and denominator 2 end-fraction close paren plus open paren negative the fraction with numerator 2 a the square root of 2 end-root and denominator 3 end-fraction close paren center dot 0 plus open paren negative the fraction with numerator a the square root of 2 end-root and denominator 3 end-fraction close paren center dot open paren negative the fraction with numerator a the square root of 2 end-root and denominator 2 end-fraction close paren equals the fraction with numerator 2 a squared and denominator 6 end-fraction equals the fraction with numerator a squared and denominator 3 end-fraction Длины векторов: |KD|=02+(2a23)2+(a23)2=8a29+2a29=a103the absolute value of modified cap K cap D with right arrow above end-absolute-value equals the square root of 0 squared plus open paren negative the fraction with numerator 2 a the square root of 2 end-root and denominator 3 end-fraction close paren squared plus open paren negative the fraction with numerator a the square root of 2 end-root and denominator 3 end-fraction close paren squared end-root equals the square root of the fraction with numerator 8 a squared and denominator 9 end-fraction plus the fraction with numerator 2 a squared and denominator 9 end-fraction end-root equals the fraction with numerator a the square root of 10 end-root and denominator 3 end-fraction |SC|=a (по условию все рёбра равны a)the absolute value of modified cap S cap C with right arrow above end-absolute-value equals a (по условию все рёбра равны a close parenВычисляем косинус: cosα=a2/3a103a=110cosine alpha equals the fraction with numerator a squared / 3 and denominator the fraction with numerator a the square root of 10 end-root and denominator 3 end-fraction center dot a end-fraction equals the fraction with numerator 1 and denominator the square root of 10 end-root end-fraction Ответ: \arccos\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{10}}\right) или \arccos\left(\frac{\sqrt{10}}{10}\right). Нужно ли вам перевести это значение в градусы или построить сечение пирамиды, проходящее через эти прямые?

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